What the Public Should Know

Roy Gutman & David Rieff (Eds.)

In this timely A-to-Z guide, award-winning journalists, television reporters, and photographers, together with leading legal scholars and military law experts define the major war crimes and key terms of law and take a fresh look at nine recent wars using the framework of international humanitarian law. The 140 articles by 90 authors from twelve countries feature subjects that include Sydney Schanberg on Cambodia, CNN's Christiane Amanpour on paramilitaries in Bosnia, the BBC's Jeremy Bowen on Chechnya, and filmmaker Gwynne Roberts on Saddam Hussein's gassing of Kurds. Leading scholars include Cherif Bassiouni on crimes against humanity, Howard Levie (who drafted the Koran War armistice) on armistice, Diane Orentlicher on genocide, and Steven Ratner on war crimes. Justice Richard Goldstone of South Africa, the UN Tribunal's renowned first prosecutor, wrote the foreword, and Lawrence Weschler of The New Yorker contributes a historical overview. The photojournalists include Gilles Peress, Susan Meiselas, Sebastian Salgado and Annie Leibovitz.

Table of Contents Preface Foreword International Humanitarian Law: An Overview Lawrence Weschler p. 8 p. 14 p. 18 A Act of War Aggression Apartheid Arab-Israeli War Israel's Views of the Application of IHL to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip Armistice David Turns Steven R. Ratner Steven R. Ratner Benny Morris Kenneth Anderson Howard S. Levie p. 24 p. 25 p. 26 p. 28 p. 38 p. 39 B Belligerent Status Biological Experiments Biological Weapons Blockade as Act of War Bosnia E. Allison & R.K. Goldman Sheldon H. Harris Terence Taylor Christopher Greenwood Florence Hartmann p. 42 p. 43 p. 46 p. 48 p. 50 C Cambodia Carpet or Area Bombing Chechnya Chemical Weapons Child Soldiers Children as Killers Civil Defense Civil Patrols Civil War Civilian Immunity Civilians, Illegal Targeting of Collateral Damage Collective Pubishment Colombia Combatant Status Command Responsibility Compelling Military Service Concentration Ccamps Crimes against Humanity Crimes against Peace Cultural Property and Historical Monuments Customary Law Sydney Schanberg Horst Fischer Barry Renfrew Peter Pringle Anna Cataldi Corinne Dufka Heike Spieker E. Allison & R.K. Goldman A.P.V. Rogers Heike Spieker Joel Greenberg Horst Fischer Daoud Kuttab Douglas Farah A.P.V. Rogers Nomi Baar-Yacov Patrick J. Sloyan Ed Vulliamy M. Cherif Bassiouni Steven R. Ratner Peter Maass Theodor Meron p. 58 p. 66 p. 68 p. 74 p. 76 p. 78 p. 80 p. 81 p. 82 p. 84 p. 85 p. 88 p. 89 p. 92 p. 97 p. 98 p. 100 p, 102 p. 107 p. 109 p. 110 p. 113 D Dangerous Forces: Dams, Dikes, and Nuclear Stations Dead and Wounded Death Squads Deportation Disappearances Due Process Due Process Rights Erich Rathfelder H. Wayne Elliott Jean-Marie Simon Roy Gutman Corinne Dufka Gideon Levy p. 116 p. 118 p. 121 p. 123 p. 125 p. 127 p. 130 E Environmental Warfare Ethnic Cleansing Evacuation of Civilians from the Battlefield Executions, Extrajudicial M. Perry & E. Miles Roger Cohen H. Wayne Elliott Don Oberdorfer p. 132 p. 136 p. 139 p. 142 F Forced Labor Free Fire Zones John Ryle Lewis M. Simons p. 148 p. 151 G Genocide Gray Areas in International Humanitarian Law Guerrillas Gulf War Diane F. Orentlicher E. Allison & R.K. Goldman Jon Lee Anderson Frank Smyth p. 153 p. 158 p. 159 p. 162 H Health Care System Hors de Combat Hospitals Hostages Humanitarian Aid, Blocking of Humanitarian Intervention Eric Stover Kurt Schork Charles Lane Sean Maguire David Rieff David Rieff p. 170 p. 172 p. 174 p. 177 p. 179 p. 181 I Identification Illegal or Prohibited Acts Immunity from Attack Imprisonment of Civilian Population Incitement to Genocide Indiscriminate Attacks Internal Displacement International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission International vs. Internal Armed Conflict Iran-Iraq War Irregulars H. Wayne Elliott E. Allison & R.K. Goldman Emma Daly E. Allison & R.K. Goldman Colette Braeckman R. Gutman & D. Kuttab Maud S. Beelman Michael Ignatieff Frits Kalshoven Steven R. Ratner Jonathan C. Randal E. Allison & R.K. Goldman p. 186 p. 188 p. 189 p. 191 p. 192 p. 195 p. 199 p. 202 p. 205 p. 206 p. 208 p. 216 J Journalists, Protection of Journalists in Peril Jurisdiction, Universal Jus ad Bellum . Jus in Bello Just and Unjust War William A. ORme, Jr. Frank Smyth Françoise Hampson Karma Nabulsi Karma Nabulsi p. 218 p. 220 p. 222 p. 223 p. 224 L Legitimate Military Targets Levée en Masse Liberia Limited War Gaby Rado Karma Nabulsi Mark Huband Peter Rowe p. 226 p. 229 p. 230 p. 236 M Mass Graves Medical Experiments on POWs Medical Transports Medical Personnel Medico-Legal Investigations of War Crimes Mercenaries Military Necessity Military Objectives Mines Elizabeth Neuffer Sheldon H. Harris Michael Ignatieff Eric Stover David Rohde Elizabeth Rubin Françoise Hampson Hamilton DeSaussure John Ryle p. 238 p. 241 p. 243 p. 244 p. 245 p. 248 p. 251 p. 253 p. 256 N NATO and the Geneva Conventions Nuclear Weapons Roy Gutman Burrus M. Carnahan p. 258 p. 260 O Occupation of Territory Caryle Murphy p. 263 P Paramilitaries Parlementaires Perfidy and Treachery Persecutions on Political. Racial, or Religious Grounds Pillage Poisonous Weapons Prisoner of War Camps Prisoners of War, Non-repatriation of Property: Civilian, Destruction of Property: Wanton Destruction Proportionality, Principle of Protected Persons Christiane Amanpour Ewen Allison David Rohde William Shawcross Thomas Goltz Gwynne Roberts H. Wayne Elliiott Mark Huband Amira Hass Victoria Brittain Horst Fischer Heike Spieker p. 266 p. 269 p. 270 p. 272 p. 276 p. 279 p. 282 p. 286 p. 288 p. 292 p. 294 p. 295 Q Quarter, Giving No John Burns p. 298 R Red Cross / Red Crescent Emblem Refoulement Refugees, Rights of Reprisal Reprisal Killings Rwanda - The Genocide Rwanda - Refugees and Genocidaires Christian jennings David Rieff David Rieff Frits Kalshoven Kenneth Anderson Mark Huband Lindsey Hilsum p. 301 p. 304 p. 306 p. 309 p. 310 p. 312 p. 316 S Safety Zones Sanctions Sexual Violence Sexual Violence: Systematic Rape Sexual Violence: Enslavement and Forced Prostitution Shields Sick and Wounded Siege Slavery Soldiers, Rights of Starvation Adam Roberts Tom Gjelten Thom Shanker Alexandra Stiglmayer George Rodrigue Robert Block Eric Stover Tom Gjelten Pierre Richard Peter Rowe Marita Vihervuori p. 320 p. 321 p. 323 p. 327 p. 328 p. 330 p. 334 p. 336 p. 339 p. 342 p. 344 T Terrorism Terrorism against Civilians Torture Total War Training in IHL Transfer of Civilians Rich Mkhondo Serge Schmemann Nicole Pope Peter Rowe Michael H. Hoffman Thomas Goltz p. 348 p. 351 p. 352 p. 355 p. 356 p. 357 U Undefended Towns United Nations and the Geneva Conventions Unlawful Confinement Adam Roberts Roy Gutman Ed Vulliamy p. 360 p. 361 p. 365 V Victims, Rights of Lindsey Hilsum p. 369 W Wanton Destruction War Crimes, Categories of Water Supplies and Works, Destruction of Weapons Willful Killing Willfulness Jeremy Bowen Steven R. Ratner Emma Daly Burrus Carnahan Peter Maass A.P.V. Rogers p. 372 p. 374 p. 377 p. 379 p. 381 p. 383 Afterword Note on the Law and Legal Terms Major International Humanitarian Law Some Titles for Further Reading Slected Legal Rsources On-Line Contributors Acknowldgements p. 384 p. 386 p. 386 p. 388 p. 388 p. 389 p. 398