Introduction
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapters and Authors
About the Editors
About the Authors
Contents
Table of Cases | vii
xxi
xxiii
xxv
xxvii
xxix
xxxiii
xliii |
Chapter 1
An Introduction to Origin, Evolution & Development of
International Humanitarian Law
Vaibhav Goel | p. 1 |
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6) | Introduction
Historical Developments Prior to 1885 In the Evolution Of The Law Of War
2.1 There Is no Law
2.2 In the Beginning
2.3 The Middle Ages
2.4 The Beginning of Modern Times
Origin of the Humanitarian Idea - Developments from 1885 Onwards
Expansion and Spread of the Humanitarian Idea
Definition & Nature of IHL
Conclusion | p. 1
p. 2
p. 2
p. 4
p. 7
p. 8
p. 11
p. 13
p. 14
p. 22 |
Chapter 2
The Relationship between International Humanitarian Law with Public International Law, International Criminal Law and International Human Rights Law
PS Seema | p. 23 |
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7) | Introduction
Rights Protected Under International
Humanitarian Law
2.1 Rights of the Wounded and the Sick
2.2 Rights Available to the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea
2.3 Rights to the Prisoners of War
2.4 Rights of Civilian Persons
Rights Protected Under the Human Rights Law
3.1 Civil and Political Rights (First Half of UDHR and the ICCPR)
3.2 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Second
Half of UDHR and the ICESCR)
Comparison of the Rights Protected Under IHL and IHR
The Relationship Between International Criminal Law and International Humanitarian Law
5.1 International Criminal Law - Substantive Part
5.2 Rights and Safeguards Guaranteed to the Accused under Human Rights Law
5.1.2 Rights and Safeguards Guaranteed to the Accused under International Humanitarian Law
5.1.3 Identification of International Crimes under International Humanitarian
Law and Human Rights Law
5.2 International Criminal Law - Procedural Part
5.3 Contents of the International Criminal Law
and International Humanitarian Law Inter-Relationship
The Relationship Between International Humanitarian Law And Public International Law
6.1 Protection to the Wounded, Sick, and the Wounded Sick and the Shipwrecked
6.2 Protection to be Given to the Prisoners of War
6.3 Protection to be Given to the Civilians
6.4 Restriction on the Use of Weapons
Conclusion | p. 23
p. 24
p. 25
p. 26
p. 26
p. 30
p. 31
p. 32
p. 33
p. 34
p. 37
p. 38
p. 38
p. 39
p. 39
p. 42
p. 49
p. 50
p. 51
p. 52
p. 53
p. 54
p. 55 |
Chapter 3
The Concept of Combatant under International Humanitarian Law
Annyssa Bellal and Vincent Chetail | p. 57 |
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) | Introduction
Combatant Status
2.1 Members of the Armed Forces
2.2 Other Groups and Militias
2.3 Levée en Masse
2.4 Guerrilla Fighters
2.5 Children
Unprivileged Combatants: Spies And Mercenaries
3.1 Spies
3.2 Mercenaries
New Challenges
4.1 Terrorists
4.2 Private Military Companies
Conclusion | p. 57
p. 61
p. 62
p. 62
p. 64
p. 64
p. 67
p. 68
p. 68
p. 69
p. 70
p. 70
p. 73
p. 76 |
Chapter 4
Law Relating to Means and Methods of Warfare
Dr Vedantam Seshaiah Shasthri | p. 79 |
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) | Ancient Law on Means and Methods of Warfare
Modern International Humanitarian Law (IHL) Relating to Means and Methods of Warfare
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Overview of Lieber Code
2.3 St Petersburg Declaration on Use in Time of War of Explosive Projectiles under 400 Grams of Weight 1868
2.4 Brussels Declaration on Laws of War 1874
2.5 First Hague Conference 1899
2.6 Second Hague Conference 1907
2.7 Geneva Protocol 1925
2.8 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968
2.9 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological and Toxic Weapons and their Destruction, Stockholm 1972
2.10 Convention on Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, Geneva 1976
2.11 Additional Protocol I 1977 to the Four Geneva Conventions 1949
2.12 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Geneva 1980
2.13 Protocol on Detectable Fragments and Restrictions
2.14 Protocol on Prohibitions on the Use of Mines, Booby-traps and other Devices
2.15 Protocol on Prohibitions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons
2.16 Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons
2.17 Convention on Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, Paris 1993
2.18 Convention on Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti Personnel Land Mines, Ottawa 1997
2.19 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflicts 2000
Advisory Opinion Of The International Court Of Justice (ICJ) On The Legality Of The Use Of Nuclear Weapons Under International Law
Conclusion | p. 79
p. 82
p. 82
p. 83
p. 84
p. 86
p. 87
p. 88
p. 89
p. 90
p. 90
p. 91
p. 91
p. 92
p. 93
p. 93
p. 94
p. 94
p. 95
p. 95
p. 95
p. 95
p. 102 |
Chapter 5
Protection of Civilians, Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked,
Prisoners of War
Michelo Hansungule | p. 103 |
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11) | Introduction
Origins and Objectives of IHL
General Analysis of the Geneva 'Red Cross' Conventions & Protocols
Methods of Warfare
Enforcement of Humanitarian Law
August 1949 Convention Relative to the Protection
of Civilian Persons in Time Of War
Prisoners Of War (POW)
7.1 PoW or Unlawful Combatant?
The Three Additional Protocols
8.1 Additional Protocol I
8.2 Additional Protocol II
8.1 Protocol III
Civilians In War Zones
9.1 Distinction Between Civilians and Combatants
9.2 Privileged Combatant
International Criminal Court (ICC)
Conclusion | p. 103
p. 110
p. 116
p. 121
p. 124
p. 127
p. 130
p. 131
p. 134
p. 134
p. 137
p. 138
p. 139
p. 139
p. 146
p. 149
p. 153 |
Chapter 6
Protection of the Natural Environment in Time of Armed Conflict
Marco Roscini | p. 155 |
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) | Introduction
The Laws Of War
2.1 Rules Specifically Addressing the Natural Environment
2.2 Rules Indirectly Protecting the Natural Environment
2.3 Ecocide as a War Crime?
The Law Of Peace
3.1 The Applicability of International Environmental Law Treaties in Time of Armed Conflict
Soft Law
Conclusion | p. 155
p. 158
p. 158
p. 166
p. 171
p. 174
p. 175
p. 178
p. 178 |
Chapter 7
Individual Criminal Responsibility for Violations of International Humanitarian Law
Dr. V. Seshaiah Shasthri | p. 181 |
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8) | Introduction
Development of Law Relating To Individual Criminal Responsibility
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Contribution of Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals
2.3 After the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials
2.4 Subsequent Developments
Application of Rules of IHL to Violations During Armed Conflicts of Non International Character
International Criminalisation of Violations of IHL
Position Under The Statutes of ICTY And ICTR
Contribution of The International Law Commission
Position Under Various UN Security Council Resolutions
Conclusion | p. 181
p. 186
p. 186
p. 187
p. 188
p. 191
p. 198
p. 199
p. 201
p. 202
p. 203
p. 204 |
Chapter 8
International Humanitarian Law Relating to Non-international Armed Conflicts
Dr. V. Seshaiah Shasthri | p. 207 |
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10) | Introduction
Acquaintance with IHL
Development of Law (IHL)
Scope Of Common Article 3
Importance of 'Lowering of Threshold' Under Additional Protocol II, 1977
Turku Declaration On Minimum Humanitarian Standards
Post Turku Developments
Burundi Declaration
(i) Humanitarian Stance
(ii) Focus on the Spirit of Humanitarian Law than on Peace
(iii) Reference to the Humanitarian Traditions of the Burundians
Judicial Contribution To The Development of IHL Relating to Violations of Common Article 3 During Non International Armed Conflicts
Conclusion | p. 207
p. 208
p. 210
p. 211
p. 214
p. 216
p. 225
p. 225
p. 229
p. 229
p. 230
p. 231
p. 238 |
Chapter 9
Status of Rebels in Non-International Armed Conflict
Dr. Hitoshi Nasu | p. 239 |
(1)
(2)
(3) | Legal Status Under Customary International Law
Legal Status Under the Geneva Conventions
2.1 Legal Protection for Rebels
2.1.1 Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions
2.1.2 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions
2.1.3 Special Agreements
2.2 Juridical Basis of Legal Obligations Upon Rebels
2.2.1 Legislative Jurisdiction
2.2.2 Subjective Theory
2.2.3 Objective Theory
The Role of The United Nations | p. 240
p. 244
p. 244
p. 244
p. 249
p. 252
p. 253
p. 254
p. 254
p. 256
p. 257 |
Chapter 10
Legal Status of Humanitarian Intervention
Peter Hilpold, Azizur Rahman Chowdhury and Md. Jahid Hossain Bhuiyan | p. 261 |
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8) | Definition of Humanitarian Intervention
The Evolution of the Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention Prior to the United Nations Charter
The United Nations Charter
Is Humanitarian Intervention Permissible to Protect Human Rights?
Instances of Humanitarian Intervention
5.1 Belgian and US Intervention in Congo in 1964
5.2 US Intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965
5.3 Indian Invasion in East Pakistan (Now Bangladesh) in 1971
5.4 Vietnam's Intervention in Kampuchea (Now Cambodia) in 1978 and 1979
5.5 Tanzania's Intervention in Uganda in 1979
5.6 ECOWAS Intervention in Liberia in 1990
5.7 US, UK and France Intervention in Northern Iraq, 1991
5.8 US Intervention in Somalia in 19921993
5.9 US Intervention in Haiti in 1992
5.10 French Intervention in Rwanda in 1994
5.11 NATO Intervention in Kosovo in 1994
Did Humanitarian Intervention Without the Permission of the Security Council Acquire Legal Status on the Basis Of Customary International Law (Or Is It on the Way to Do So)?
The Reform of the United Nations and the Responsibility to Protect
Conclusion | p. 261
p. 264
p. 267
p. 271
p. 273
p. 273
p. 273
p. 273
p. 274
p. 274
p. 274
p. 275
p. 277
p. 277
p. 277
p. 278
p. 283
p. 286
p. 290 |
Chapter 11
Institutions for Implementation of International
Humanitarian Law
Dr. Ajay Kumar and Anirudh Dadhich | p. 295 |
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6) | Introduction: The Idea of an International Legal Community
Traditional Bases of National Court Jurisdiction Over International Crimes
An Innovation: The Jurisdiction of International Criminal Tribunals
3.1 The Yugoslav Tribunal
3.1.1 Crisis in the Balkans
3.1.2 Condemnation of Violations of International Humanitarian Law
3.1.3 The Legal Foundation of the Yugoslav Tribunal
3.1.4 Cooperation and Judicial Assistance
3.2 The Rwanda Tribunal
3.2.1 Mass Killings in Rwanda
3.2.2 Condemnation of Violations of International Humanitarian Law
3.2.3 The Legal Foundation of the Rwanda Tribunal
3.2.4 Cooperation and Judicial Assistance
The Primacy of the AD HOC Tribunals
International Criminal Court
5.1 General Problems Faced for the Establishment of a Permanent Tribunal/International Criminal Court
5.2 Establishment of the International Criminal Court
5.3 Jurisdiction
5.4 Role of ICC & Provisions for Implementation
of IHL
Conclusion | p. 295
p. 298
p. 300
p. 301
p. 301
p. 303
p. 305
p. 306
p. 307
p. 307
p. 308
p. 309
p. 310
p. 312
p. 314
p. 314
p. 317
p. 317
p. 318
p. 321 |
Chapter 12
Effective Enforcement of International Humanitarian Law
Dr. Ajay Kumar and Anirudh Dadhich | p. 323 |
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13) | Introduction
Implementation And Enforcement of IHL: Some Viewpoints
Applicability of the International Humanitarian Law
ICC As Vanguard of International Rule of Law
International Jurisdiction of the ICC
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Obligation on the Part of States
7.1 Complementarity
7.2 Full Cooperation
Failure Of States To Implement Legislation
8.1 Failure to Implement the Rome Statute
8.2 Flaw in Implementing Legislation
8.3 Failure to Ratify and Implement the Agreement on Privileges and Immunities
Implementation of Rome Statute Through National Legislation
Checklist for Effective Implementation
Implementation Measures Taken In Member Parties
11.1 Australia
11.2 France
11.3 Italy
11.4 South Africa
11.5 United Arab Emirates
11.6 United Kingdom
11.7 United States
Proposed Implementation Measures
Conclusion | p. 323
p. 324
p. 324
p. 327
p. 327
p. 328
p. 331
p. 331
p. 332
p. 333
p. 333
p. 333
p. 335
p. 335
p. 336
p. 339
p. 339
p. 340
p. 341
p. 342
p. 342
p. 343
p. 343
p. 344
p. 345 |
| Index | p. 347 |
